Bio 140 Discussion Assignment Essays - Littorinidae,

Bio 140 Discussion Assignment The objective of our study was to determine if salinity affects the Littorina sp. 's movement. In both of our two trials, we found that when exposed to a lower salinity (10 ppt), the Littorina sp. had a lower displacement than when it is exposed to a higher salinity (30 ppt). We observed that at 10 ppt the Littorina sp. would either move slowly or not move at all. This was congruent with our prediction that the Littorina sp. would have a lower net displacement in a lower salinity. Our results may have been influenced by our constant movement around the containers which changed the intensity of the light that the Littorina sp. were experiencing. Studies have shown that Littorina sp. are positive phototrophs, meaning that they gravitate towards a light source (Bingham, 1972). Because of this it is reasonable to assume that constant changing light intensities and directions of light source would affect where the Littorina sp. would move to, af fecting our results. In Bingham's study in 1957 it was found that Littorina sp. could survive in 10 ppt salinity for up to two weeks, but when introduced to low salinity environments in their natural habitat it as found there was a sharp decrease in population density since the snails had moved into a different micro-environment to avoid the stress of a low salinity environment (Bingham, 1972) . This means that low salinities did indeed prompt movement in Littorina sp.. This was inconsistent with our results. The study conducted by Muraeva , O.A., Maltseva , A.L., Mikhailova , N.A. and Al. Cell Tiss in 2016 showed that when subjected to lower salinity levels the snails would retreat into their shells, effectively isolating themselves from the source of stress (low salinity). We observed in our trials that when snails retreated into their shells they stopped moving for the entirety of the duration within the shell ( Muraeva , O.A., Maltseva , A.L., Mikhailova , N.A. and Al. Cell Tiss , 2016) . According to this study lower salinities reduced the movement of the Littorina sp. . This was consistent with our results. Our findings were consistent with one of the literary sources but inconsistent with the second. This was because of the methods in which the Littorina sp. were subjected to the lower salinities. In our study as well as that that was conducted by Muraeva , O.A., Maltseva , A.L., Mikhailova , N.A. and Al. Cell Tiss in 2016 , the Littorina s p. were introduced into a low salinity environment quite abruptly within a laboratory, the Littorina sp. 's primary reaction to stress ( Muraeva , O.A., Maltseva , A.L., Mikhailova , N.A. and Al. Cell Tiss , 2016) is to retreat into their shells, and stop moving. This was what we observed in our trials. In Bingham's studies however it was done over a six month period of time and the snails were introduced to an environment in which they could indeed move into a different micro-environment. It is safe to assume that when initially introduced into the low salinity environment they retreated into their shells and because they cannot survive for more than two weeks (Bingham, 1957) in a low salinity environment, the Littorina sp. eventually had to move into a different micro-climate eventually to avoid quietus. In conclusion, it was decided that the discrepancies between studies and our trials was due to the variance in timeframe of the study as well as where the Littorina sp. were studied. We believe that both literary sources support our study (whether directly or indirectly) since it is shown that Littorina sp. retreat into their shells and thus have a lower displacement when originally introduced into a low salinity environment outside their range of tolerance (Bingham, 1957). Because the Littorina spp. resides within the intertidal zone it is subject to a constant fluctuation of environmental factors such as salinity due to fluctuations in the amount of freshwater introduced into the system ( rainfall,stream etc.) . This has large implications for the survival of the periwinkle as it is an osmoconformer. Meaning the presence of various chemical entities within its cells is in direct correlation to the

Teaching Young Girls to be Brave Professor Ramos Blog

Teaching Young Girls to be Brave Caroline Paul was a female firefighter in New York. She was 1 of 15 women,  out of 1500 men. One day there was a house fire, she and one of her male co-firefighters went to put it out. In the middle of the fire there was an explosion and they both had gotten blown back. But after the explosion, she got right back up and put the fire out by herself and did what a firefighter should do .Later, the male firefighter came up to her and told her â€Å"good job† but he said it in a surprisingly way. She realized he wasn’t expecting her, a woman, to be that brave o. She then started noticing how friends, family, and co-workers were surprised from how brave she was just being a firefighter. She would get questions like   Ã¢â‚¬Å"aren’t you scared?† but none of the other male firefighters would get those questions. This has become somewhat of a normal thing that bavery isn’t expected of woman or young girls. Young Girls are most likely to be told to stop, o r to be careful and to caution themselves. There was a study including a playground fire pole that   showed   little girls were very likely to be warned   by the parents about the fire poles risks and if they still wanted to play on the fire pole, it was very likely that the parents would assist them, but the little boys were encourage to play on the fire pole and often the parents would   encourage to learn HOW to do it on their own. This message shows that   girls are more fragile and are more in need of help and boys should be fearless and gutsy. Fearful is a very important feeling to have and it keeps us safe, the problem is, if fear is the only feeling these girls have if they go outside of their comfort zone. This is not saying that all girls should grow up to firefighters or doing something life threatening, it’s to help them not to be afraid and helpless. Caroline Paul says, â€Å"the fear we learn and the experiences we don’t, stick with us as we be come women†. So instead of always cautioning them, let them ride bikes,   climb a tree and be adventurous. Encouraging young girls to be brave and strong will let them have confidence in themselves and further on in life.

Oil Subsides impact on a government budget in Indonesia Iran and Essay

Oil Subsides impact on a government budget in Indonesia Iran and Venezuela - Essay Example It is worth noting that subsidies on fuel consumption have critical macroeconomic consequences and that many subsidies fail to serve their purpose thus causing unsustainable development. This paper attempts to analyze oil subsides’ impact on a government budget in Indonesia Iran and Venezuela. Globally, all governments are greatly concerned with their energy sectors because of the key role energy plays in the economic development. Energy consumption calls for public interventions such as use of direct grants and all sorts of tax break that are hidden in public and economic structures (Gavish & Gavish, 2012). Two-thirds of all subsidies flow to fossil fuels where subsidies to energy production are common in industrialized countries while support to energy consumption dominate developing countries (Davis, 2013). Different categories of subsidies have different impacts that include low energy prices that enhance overuse and waste while underpricing hurts energy producers. On the other hand, producer subsidies promote overproduction characterized by protection and quantity regulations that trigger further distortions in the local economy. Rationale to subsidize energy has always been to stimulate economic growth but the notion changed after the oil crises in 1970s. The growth motive was no longer considered important because governments thought it necessary to safeguard domestic energy supply while developing countries subsidized energy consumption to fuel economic growth. According to Davis (2013), energy subsidies are believed to avert possible barriers to growth although this concept has been proven ineffective especially in stimulating economic growth. According to Gavish & Gavish (2012), there are studies that show that energy subsidies hamper economic growth and therefore eliminating them (subsidies) may provide incentives for a more efficient resource allocation and spur economic growth. Moreover, energy subsidies